Plastic zwerfvuil en het dierenleven op zee
Al meer dan 30 jaar is de Nederlandse Zeevogelgroep (NZG) betrokken bij onderzoek aan maaginhouden van dood op het strand gevonden Noordse Stormvogels. Deze vogels eten allerlei soorten zwerfvuil, en de hoeveelheid plastics in de magen wordt door beleidsmakers gebruikt als formele graadmeter voor de hoeveelheid zwerfvuil in de zee. Gedurende de jaren heeft dit onderzoek zich steeds verder verbeterd en uitgebreid vanuit Nederland, naar de hele Noordzee en inmiddels vele plekken op de wereld. Ook is deze methode van milieu-onderzoek overgenomen in de Europese KaderRichtlijn Marien (KRM) als basis voor zwerfvuilmonitoring in andere Europese zeegebieden. Dat betreft deels onderzoek aan het eten van plastics door andere vogelsoorten, maar bijvoorbeeld ook zeeschildpadden, zeezoogdieren en vis in Europese wateren en elders. Daarnaast hebben verstrikking en verspreiding van plastic afval in zee en langs kusten onze aandacht. Het onderzoek vindt nu plaats vanuit Wageningen Marine Research in Den Helder. Op de website van Wageningen Marine Research wordt een dossier bijgehouden met nieuws en wetenswaardigheden over het zwerfvuil onderzoek.
Lees verder in het dossier op the WMR website. De meeste publicaties uit het stormvogel- en zwerfvuil-onderzoek worden daar vermeld en zijn als download beschikbaar. Zie ook de google citation paginas van Jan Andries van Franeker en Süse Kuhn. Voor fotos van stormvogels en zwerfvuil, zie onder aan deze pagina
Verzoek
Het zwerfvuil graadmeter onderzoek aan is volledig afhankelijk van vrijwilligers die op het strand aangespoelde Noordse Stormvogels meenemen en met een briefje van vindplaats, datum en naam op een nabij contact adres afleveren of opsturen naar Wageningen Marine Research. Voor ons onderzoek hoeven de gevonden stormvogels niet mooi vers te zijn. Ook in oudere kadavers is de maaginhoud nog vaak goed bewaard. Het altijd meenemen van een oude plastic zak is dan ook een verstandig begin van ieder strandbezoek! Heeft u een Noordse Stormvogel voor ons onderzoek: neem svp contact op met Susanne Kühn (susanne.kuehn@wur.nl).
Plastic litter and marine wildlife
For more than 30 years, the Dutch Seabird Group (NZG) has been involved in studies of stomach contents of dead beached Northern Fulmars. These birds consume all sorts of marine litter, and the quantities of plastics in their stomachs is used by governmental policy makers to monitor trends in abundance of litter in the marine environment. Over the years, this research was continuously updated and expanded from the Netherlands to the wider Northsea and gradually many locations around the world. The research approach was also copied into the European Marine Strategy Directive (MSFD) as a basis for litter monitoring in other European seas. That may involve ingestion of plastics by other bird species, turtles, mammals and fish in European waters and elsewhere. In addition entanglement issues and distribution of debris in marine and coastal environments have our attention.
This marine litter research is implemented through Wageningen Marine Research (WMR) in Den Helder. WMR maintains a dossier with news, backgrounds and results of marine litter research. Read more in the dossier at the WMR website, where most publications from the fulmar and marine litter studies are discussed and offered for download. Also see the google citation pages of Jan Andries van Franeker and Süse Kuhn.
Request
The marine litter Fulmar monitoring study completely relies on volunteers that collect Northern Fulmars found dead on beaches and deliver those with a note on location and date of finding plus finders name to a nearby contact address or mail it to IMARES or other regional or national coordinators. For this research, the birds found, need not be very fresh; also in older already decaying corpses the stomach contents can be properly analysed. Thus, for any visit to the beach, carrying an old plastic bag in your pocket is a good start to participate! If you have found a fulmar but do not know where to bring: please contact Susanne Kühn (susanne.kuehn@wur.nl) to find out about contact points in your area.
For photos of marine debris and the studies of plastics in Northern Fulmars and other seabirds, please scroll down.
Foto’s Zwerfvuil
Gebruik van onderstaande foto’s is toegestaan bij publicaties over zwerfvuil indien naamsvermelding plaats vindt en voor zover niet-commercieel. De omschrijving en verdere details staan vermeld in metadata (zichtbaar bv. in file-info via Photoshop). Raadpleeg zo nodig susanne.kuehn@wur.nl of jan.vanfraneker@texel.com
Foto-verantwoording als “J.A. van Franeker, Wageningen Marine Research”.
Photographs Marine Litter
Usage permitted in publications on marine litter if properly acknowledged and if non-commercial. Description and further details are included in metadata (accessible via e.g. file-info in Photoshop). For queries contact susanne.kuehn@wur.nl or jan.vanfraneker@texel.com
Acknowledge to “J.A. van Franeker, Wageningen Marine Research”.
Na storm opgehoopt zwerfvuil op het strand van Texel Marine litter accumulated after a storm on the beach of Texel, the Netherlands 
Door verstrikking in ballon-lint omgekomen Noordse Stormvogel Northern Fulmar, died from entanglement in a balloon ribbon 
Noordse Stormvogels wachtend op afval van een vissersboot Northern Fulmars waiting for discards from a fishing boat 
De Noordse Stormvogel wordt gebruikt als graadmeter in zwerfvuil onderzoek – The Northern Fulmar is used to monitor marine litter. 
De Noordse Stormvogel wordt gebruikt als graadmeter in zwerfvuil onderzoek – The Northern Fulmar is used to monitor marine litter. 
Example of the extreme accumulation of plastic that may occur in the stomach of Northern Fulmars 
FGLA-STC-NMD-2007-066 three pictures of Stomach / content of Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, found on Normandy coast in 2007. Plastic litter fills both the large glandular stomach (proventriculus) and muscular stomach (gizzard). Fulmar stomachs are being analysed as a monitor of the abundance of litter in the marine environment, as one of the Ecological Quality Objectives for the North Sea 
Stomach / content of Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, found on Normandy coast in 2007. 
Stomach contents of Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis, beached in Normandy France, 2007. Plastic litter fills both the large glandular stomach (proventriculus) and muscular stomach (gizzard). Fulmar stomachs are being analysed as a monitor of the abundance of litter in the marine environment, as one of the Ecological Quality Objectives for the North Sea 
Laysan Albatrosses in the Pacific not only feed normal food to their chicks, but also considerable quantities of plastic 
This is a carcass of the chick of a Laysan Albatross on Midway Atoll, Hawaii Islands, Pacific. At later decay of the corpse plastic items emerge that had accumulated in the stomach. Parent birds pick up these items at sea and feed it to their chicks 
This is a carcass of the chick of a Laysan Albatross on Midway Atoll, Hawaii Islands, Pacific, showing plastic items that had accumulated in the stomach, like lighters and bottle caps. Parent birds pick up these items at sea and feed it to their chicks 
This plastic litter was collected from carcasses of chicks of albatrosses on Midway Atoll, Hawaii Islands, Pacific. Parent birds ingest the plastic floating at sea, and feed it to their chicks 
Verzameling industrieel plastic van Nederlands strand – Collection of industrial plastic granules from Dutch beach 
Northern Gannets collect synthetic materials from sea to build their nests (normally from seaweed) but during flight the materials may become too firmly knotted around the bill, leading to slow starvation of the bird 
Sixpack rings often entangle gulls and ducks and lead to slow starvation of the animal 
Verzameling industrieel plastic van Nederlands strand – Collection of industrial plastic granules from Dutch beach 
Around year 2000, the average amount of plastic in stomachs of Fulmars in the North Sea was about 0.6 gram – scaled to human size this would fill a lunchbox. 
Example of the extreme accumulation of plastic that may occur in the stomach of Northern Fulmars 
Example of the extreme accumulation of plastic that may occur in the stomach of Northern Fulmars 
Example of the extreme accumulation of plastic that may occur in the stomach of Northern Fulmars 
Example of the extreme accumulation of plastic that may occur in the stomach of Northern Fulmars 
Around year 2000, the average amount of plastic in stomachs of Fulmars in the North Sea was about 0.6 gram – scaled to human size this would fill a lunchbox. 
Remains of fish nets often entangle animals, like here a Brünnichs Guillemot found on the coast of the arctic Island Jan Mayen 
Jan van Franeker co-ordinates the ‘Save the North Sea’ Fulmar study, in which beached Fulmars are used to monitor trends in marine litter in the North Sea. Van Franeker works at Wageningen IMARES, Ecology Dept on Texel, The Netherlands 
Jan van Franeker co-ordinates the ‘Save the North Sea’ Fulmar study, in which beached Fulmars are used to monitor trends in marine litter in the North Sea. Van Franeker works at Wageningen IMARES, Ecology Dept on Texel, The Netherlands
Koninginnedag in Frankrijk?
Foto-verantwoording “G. le Guillou, GONm”. Een Hollandse ballon-regen viel neer in Normandië, Frankrijk in mei 2007 na de viering van Koninginnedag.
Queensday in France?
Acknowledge to: “G. le Guillou, GONm”. In early May 2007, large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived in Normany, France, after being released in the Netherlands during ‘Queensday’ on April 30
The coast of Normandy, just north of Le Havre, with ‘falaises’ and pebble beach. In this area, large numbers of Dutch balloons washed up in May 2007) released during celebration of Queensday on 30 april 2007, 600 to 800 km to the North. 
The coast of Normandy, just north of Le Havre, with ‘falaises’ and pebble beach. In this area, large numbers of Dutch balloons washed up in May 2007) released during celebration of Queensday on 30 april 2007, 600 to 800 km to the North. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons. 
Large numbers of Dutch balloons arrived on the coasts of Normandy. France in early May 2007, following celebration of Queensday in the Netherlands on 30 April. More than 10 balloons per km were found during surveys of the Groupe Ornithologique Normand (GONm)! Balloons may threaten marine wildlife because animals become entangled in the ribbon or may ingest balloons.
Zwerfvuil heeft vele gezichten
Voor naam van fotograaf, zie de filenaam en de file-info via bv photoshop. Auteurs hebben toestemming gegeven voor doelgericht niet-commercieel gebruik in folders, presentaties, artikelen e.d. over de problematiek van zwerfvuil. Voor andere toepassingen raadpleeg de fotograaf of jan.vanfraneker@texel.com
Many faces of litter
For author name please see filename and file-info eg in photoshop. Authors permit non commericial usage of pictures for leaflets, presentations, articles etc. on the problem of marine litter. For any other usage the author should be consulted directly or via jan.vanfraneker@texel.com
Gannet Entangled Netherlands Camperduin 19-Jan-2007 
Gannet Entangled Netherlands Camperduin 19-Jan-2007 
Entangled Oystercatcher
De NZG is partner van
Contact
NZG secretaris
Susanne Kühn
Ankerpark 27
1781 AG Den Helder
info@zeevogelgroep.nl
zeevogelgroep.nl 